Left ventricular assist devices can serve as which of the following in advanced heart failure?

• A. They cure heart failure
• B. They replace the heart entirely in all patients
• C. They are used only after a transplant
• D. They can serve as bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy

Answer: (D)

LVADs provide mechanical support to the failing left ventricle, helping maintain blood flow and reduce symptoms in advanced heart failure. They are not a cure and do not replace the heart in every patient. They can be used as a bridge-to-transplant, keeping someone alive and stable until a donor heart is available, and they can also serve as destination therapy for patients who are not candidates for transplant. This dual role—bridge-to-transplant or destination therapy—best captures how LVADs are used in advanced heart failure.