Which statement about cardiac remodeling is NOT accurate?

• A. It involves changes in the size, mass, geometry, and function of the heart
• B. It can include scar tissue and fibrosis
• C. It always resolves without leading to ventricular dysfunction
• D. It may involve inflammation

Answer: (C)

Cardiac remodeling is the heart’s structural and functional adaptation to injury or chronic stress. It involves changes in size, mass, geometry, and how well the heart pumps and fills. Scar tissue and fibrosis are common parts of this process, as damaged myocardium is replaced and the surrounding tissue reorganizes. Inflammation can also drive remodeling by promoting cellular and matrix changes.

Crucially, remodeling is not guaranteed to reverse or stay harmless. It can persist or progress, leading to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Treatments often aim to limit remodeling or promote reverse remodeling, underscoring that remodeling is a dynamic process rather than a guaranteed return to normal.